John  Kelman 


He  Gave  Thanks 


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,K29H43 


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FHE  GAVE  THANKS 


JOHN  KELMAN 
D.D. 


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AUG    28  1979 


HE  GAVE  THANKS  VjfotoGicALSE*^^ 


A  SERMON 

Delivered  in  the 

Fifth  Avenue  Presbyterian  Church 

New  York  City 

Thursday,  November  27, 1919 


By  the  Pastor,  the 

REV.  JOHN  KELMAN 

D.D. 


Printed  by  the  Fifth  Ayenue  FreBbyterian  Chnrch 


Copyright  1920 
John  Kebnan,  D.D. 


HE  GAVE  THANKS 

By  Rev,  John  Kelman,  D.D. 


He  Gave  Thanks — Luke  22  :  27 


IN  one  of  her  books,  Harriet  Beecher  Stowe  has 
written  these  words,  Thanksgiving  sermon,  in 
which  the  minister  was  expected  to  express  his 
views  freely  concerning  the  politics  of  the  country, 
and  the  state  of  things  in  society  generally,  in  a  some- 
what more  secular  vein  of  thought  than  was  deemed 
exactly  appropriate  to  the  Lord's  day.  That  I  can 
not  do.  I  must  learn  before  I  speak:  and  no  man, 
except  one  from  whom  wisdom  has  altogether  de- 
parted, would  venture  opinions  upon  so  complex  a 
web  of  public  questions  as  that  which  today  excites 
the  mind  of  America.  Instead  of  any  such  Thanks- 
giving sermon  I  shall  try  today  to  offer  you  a  few 
quiet  thoughts  as  to  how  his  first  Thanksgiving  Day 
in  America  strikes  a  British  man. 

First  of  all,  the  fact  of  Thanksgiving  Day,  and  the 
very  great  emphasis  laid  upon  it,  and  the  feelings 
associated  with  it  and  its  customs,  seem  to  me  to 
give  to  all  the  world  the  keynote  of  the  nation's 
thought.  This  is  an  attitude  of  mind,  a  tendency 
towards  healthy-mindedness,  that  expresses  itself  in 
thanksgiving  rather  than  in  any  other  of  the  various 
ways  in  which  you  might  celebrate  your  nationality. 

The  fasts  of  old  were  characteristic;  and  I  dare 
say  it  would  be  good  for  us  if  it  were  possible  in 

3 


these  later  days  to  command  something  of  the  grave 
sweet  melody  that  expressed  itself  in  those  self- 
denying  and  devotional  observances.  Yet  the  fact 
is  that  thanksgiving  has  outlived  them,  and  you  cele- 
brate in  that.  Jane  Austen  said  of  one  of  her  char- 
acters, He  is  a  very  liberal  thanker,  and  I  think  she 
must  have  meant  an  American.  It  is  a  glad  and 
wholesome  attitude  of  mind — very  characteristic  of 
this  nation.  Life  is  always  discouraging  enough.  It 
is  good  to  turn  from  its  discouragements,  to  remem- 
ber happy  things  and  to  bring  them  together  here 
on  such  a  day. 

It  is  also  a  religious  attitude  of  mind.  Dante 
Gabriel  Rossetti  said  in  some  of  the  saddest  words 
he  ever  wrote,  "I  would  I  knew  there  were  a  God 
to  thank,  when  thanks  rise  in  me."  Contrast  that 
with  the  splendid  expression  of  the  old  Puritan  who 
said,  "That  devout  thanksgiver  David,  continually 
declaring  the  great  price  he  set  upon  the  Divine 
favor."  Christ  was  at  the  head  of  all  the  thanks- 
givers  of  the  world,  when  He  thanked  God  for  the 
great  mystery  of  redemption,  although  it  was  to  cost 
Him  more  pain  and  agony  than  was  ever  endured  on 
earth  before.  He  thanked  Him  also  for  everything 
else  in  life  that  had  gone  to  make  the  experience  of 
those  three  and  thirty  years. 

And  surely  the  words  of  Jesus  are  especially  rele- 
vant here  today.  Am  I  not  right  in  saying  that  this 
festival  of  yours  has  always  been  associated  with  the 
harvest  thanksgiving  from  the  very  first  day  of  it? 
The  harvest  thanksgiving  includes  the  thanks  of  all 
the  year  for  wayside  things,  for  all  that  has  made  our 

4 


hearts  glad  and  given  food  to  body,  or  to  mind,  or  to 
soul.  Am  I  not  right  in  saying  also  that  Thanks- 
giving Day  is  essentially  the  home  day,  when  you 
gather  together  in  your  homes  your  absent  ones  in 
memory  and  thought,  and  consecrate  the  joyousness 
of  the  hour  to  the  love  of  friends. 

So  Jesus,  thanking  God  at  that  Last  Supper  at 
which  He  sat  with  His  own,  gathered  together  all 
the  passing  memories  of  the  years,  and  the  little 
band  of  those  He  loved  most  dearly.  Such  an  occa- 
sion of  thanksgiving  takes  rank  with  many  other 
offices  of  the  same  sort,  the  humbler  and  simpler 
ones  like  that  of  saying  grace  before  meat,  and  the 
reverence  of  family  worship  in  which  a  family  to- 
gether gathers  round  the  altar  and  remembers  God. 
There  has  been  in  modern  times  a  somewhat  mis- 
taken idea  about  these.  There  has  been  a  tendency 
to  regard  them  as  duties,  though  not  of  the  very  first 
order, — duties  of  a  minor  kind,  and  therefore,  apt  to 
be  more  or  less  irksome.  In  many  homes,  both  in 
regard  to  saying  grace  before  meat  and  to  family 
worship,  there  has  been  a  certain  readiness  to  ex- 
cuse and  to  dispense  with,  these  observances.  Really 
they  should  not  be  looked  upon  as  duties  so  much  as 
a  courtesy,  the  instinctive  action  of  the  politeness  of 
the  spirit,  of  the  gentility  and  good  breeding  of  the 
Christian  soul.  If  God  has  given  us  food,  if  God 
has  closed  or  opened  a  new  day  for  us,  surely  all 
that  we  have  learned  of  the  decencies  of  human  in- 
tercourse would  lead  us  at  least  to  acknowledge  it. 
Besides  the  absolute  moral  demands  of  life,  these  are, 
as  it  were,  an  extra  part.    God's  law  commands  us  to 

5 


go  with  Him  one  mile;  God's  gentlemen  go  with 
him  two.  The  true  aristocracy  of  behavior,  the 
finer  politesse, — these  are  a  sign  of  innate  self- 
respect.    They  are  courtesy  towards  God. 

The  courtesy  of  Jesus  was  continual  towards  men 
and  women  and  little  children,  and  towards  God 
Himself.  He  was  always,  to  God  and  man,  the  per- 
fect gentleman.  Bread  and  wine  were  not  a  great 
deal  to  expect  in  such  an  adventure  as  that  upon 
which  He  had  set  out,  yet  for  bread  and  wine  He 
thanked  God,  with  His  disciples. 

Is  not  that  typical  of  much  else?  and  is  not  this 
our  Thanksgiving  Day  a  fine  example  of  it,  when  we 
should  remember  the  wayside  constant  blessings  of 
life,  outnumbering  all  those  sadnesses  which  are  so 
insistent  and  so  easily  remembered?  Do  you  recol- 
lect Rupert  Brooke's  poem  called,  The  Great  Lover, 
written  very  shortly  before  he  died  ?    He  said : 

Ere  the  unthinking  silence  on  that  strife 
Steals  down,  I  would  cheat  drowsy  Death  so  far; 
My  night  shall  be  remembered  for  a  star. 
And  the  star  by  which  he  remembers  that  night  is 
the  long  and  detailed  list  of  the  things  he  had  en- 
joyed, and  for  which  he  was  thankful — wood,  coal, 
graveness   of  iron;   moist   black   earth;   the  strong 
crust  of  bread;  blue,  bitter  smoke  of  wood,  and  so 
on — everything  that  had  given  him  a  moment's  de- 
light.    His  catalogue  is  like  Walt  Whitman's  cata- 
logues of  all  the  varied  detail  of  the  riches  of  God's 
gifts  to  man. 

So  Jesus  remembered  on  that  final  night  the  de- 
tailed  incidents   of    His   Hfe — the    fresh   winds   of 

6 


Galilee ;  the  touch  of  spray  upon  His  cheek  on  a  rough 
morning  in  the  boat;  the  sweetness  of  sunshine,  hot 
and  comforting  upon  wet  hands;  the  scented  night 
breezes ;  the  alabaster  box  of  ointment  and  its  fra- 
grance; the  look  in  the  eyes  of  the  young  man  raised 
to  life  upon  his  bier;  the  shyness  of  little  children 
whom  He  blessed ;  the  cool,  refreshing  touch  of  the 
water  on  His  lips  at  the  well  of  Samaria— these,  and 
a  thousand  other  memories  were  included  among  the 
things  for  which  He  gave  thanks— the  delicious  mani- 
fold detail  of  human  life. 

And  that  surely  sets  a  point  of  view  for  us  all. 
Gladness  and  appreciation  are  the  essential  Christian 
note.  Every  virtue  and  every  experience  becomes 
exuberant  when  it  becomes  Christian.  He  who 
knows  Christ  well,  knows  how  to  rejoice.  Jtist  en- 
joy to  the  depths  of  your  soul,  says  one.  That's 
worship.  Be  thankful  for  everything!  That's  prais- 
ing God,  as  the  birds  praise  him.  Do  unto  others! 
That's  all  there  is  of  love  and  religion  in  one  fell 
szvoop. 

Besides  these,  there  is  the  love  of  friends,  the 
greatest  of  all  life's  prizes :  and,  amid  the  friendly 
greetings  of  today,  I  think  you  will  all  understand 
and  appreciate  it.  In  our  friends  the  genuine  joy  of 
life  finds  clearest  voice.  And  Jesus  was  intensely 
personal.  He  loved  not  man,  but  men.  The  one 
thing  Jesus  asked  of  life  was  love.  To  love  greatly 
and  to  be  greatly  loved,— that  was  His  conception  of 
life's  perfection.  He  had  got  it  in  very  rich  meas- 
ure, for  no  one  was  ever  so  beloved  as  He  was.  The 
poor  sinners  who  loved  Him  much  were  precious  to 

7 


Him,  and  the  dead  Lazarus  made  Him  weep  for 
the  very  pathos  of  the  occasion  even  though  he  was 
on  the  eve  of  resurrection.  There  was  Peter  with 
all  his  blundering  hobnailed  affection,  and  John  with 
his  mystic  passion  calm  on  Jesus'  bosom;  Martha 
with  her  bustling  tenderness,  and  Mary  with  her 
silent  devotion. 

Here  on  such  a  day  as  this  we  remember  these 
things.  On  this  day  we  bring  our  love  under  the 
eyes  of  Jesus.  Those  who  are  in  our  homes,  and 
who  feast  with  us  today — we  love  them,  and  thank 
God  for  their  love.  The  absent,  the  scattered  fami- 
lies of  the  congregation,  we  gather  in  tender  memory 
and  imagination  from  the  ends  of  the  earth.  The 
departed  who  have  gone  from  us  forever — we  love 
them  still,  and  they  are  very  especially  remembered 
on  such  a  festive  day  as  this.  Put  no  stint  on  your 
affection,  brothers  and  sisters  of  America ;  open  your 
hearts  wide  to  generosity  and  the  tenderness  of  love. 
Give  thanks  as  you  celebrate  this  day  for  those  you 
love  most  dearly.  It  is  a  rough  and  shaggy  world, 
it  is  a  difficult  and  hard  world,  it  is  a  lonely  and  cold 
world,  but  love  redeems  it.  Let  love  go  free,  and 
give  thanks  to  God  this  day  for  love. 

First  of  all,  then,  this  day  celebrates  our  ordinary 
thanksgiving  for  the  daily  blessings  of  life  sym- 
bolized by  harvest,  the  ordinary  affections,  the  gath- 
erings in  the  home,  the  memories  of  the  absent.  But 
in  the  second  place,  your  Thanksgiving  is  a  day  of 
national  events,  and  a  great  series  of  them  lies  be- 
hind it. 

8 


There  was  1621,  full  of  memories  of  Plymouth 
Rock,  and  that  first  winter  of  starvation  until  the 
ships  with  food  arrived.  Think  of  the  monuments 
which  celebrate  it,  one  at  Southampton  where  they 
set  out  from,  and  the  other  at  Plymouth  Rock  where 
they  landed.  There  was  the  harvest  festival  of  1621, 
and  the  spring  thanksgiving  of  1622,  at  which  the 
little  company  of  Pilgrims  gathered  in  devout  grati- 
tude around  their  simple  board.  Along  with  them 
was  the  Indian  chief  who  was  their  guest — em- 
blematic surely,  as  someone  has  said,  of  a  festival 
which  is  now  celebrated  by  American  citizens  repre- 
senting all  the  races  of  the  world. 

Then  from  1777  to  1784,  a  hundred  and  fifty  odd 
years  later,  there  were  thanksgivings  for  the  various 
events  in  the  War  of  the  Revolution,  until  the  Peace 
Treaty  was  ratified  on  October  19,  1784.  Then 
George  Washington  issued  a  proclamation  appoint- 
ing Thursday,  November  26,  1789,  the  first  national 
Thanksgiving,  after  the  Government  in  America  was 
established. 

Then  there  was  Lincoln  appointing  the  twenty- 
sixth  of  November,  1863,  as  the  national  Thanks- 
giving after  the  recent  events  of  the  Civil  War ;  and 
since  then  every  year  the  President  of  the  United 
States  of  America  has  issued  a  proclamation  for 
Thanksgiving  Day  at  this  season. 

After  the  great  War  this  Thanksgiving  has  surely 
special  significance.  Never  was  there  a  greater  oc- 
casion than  this  in  all  the  past;  never  will  there  be 
one  in  the  days  to  come.  You  are  linked  on  today 
not  only  with  the  harvest  and  the  wayside  blessings 

9 


of  our  life,  but  with  the  harvest  of  time  and  the 
great  events  in  history. 

The  harvest  of  the  Revolution  was  civil  liberty 
and  democracy.  The  harvest  of  the  Civil  War  was 
Union.  But  the  principle  of  Union  had  been  working 
all  through  from  the  day  when  the  churches  at  Salem 
and  Plymouth  stretched  out  their  hands  to  one 
another,  lessening  the  opposition  of  parties,  and 
fostering  unity.  Through  all  the  history  of  America 
Thanksgiving  Day  has  marked  the  growing  union  of 
the  States,  while  the  Civil  War  finally  marked  the 
inherent  and  essential  connection  between  liberty  and 
unity. 

And  now  the  great  War  has  taken  up  these  two 
things,  the  democracy  for  which  you  fought  one  hun- 
dred and  fifty  years  ago  and  the  unity  for  which  you 
fought  half  a  century  ago,  into  its  great  and  bloody 
hands,  and  has  made  of  them  a  sacrament  and  an 
ideal  for  all  time  to  come.  The  words  you  had  found 
in  your  earlier  history  are  gone  out  now  into  all  the 
earth,  and  your  voice  to  the  world's  end.  Here  is 
democracy  upon  the  larger  scale.  Here  is  unity  in- 
ternational, and  not  only  interstate;  and  the  logical 
sequel  to  all  your  former  strivings  is  the  great  ideal 
of  today. 

Note  that  Thanksgiving  all  along  has  marked  the 
positive  and  not  the  negative  elements  in  these  wars. 
It  is  said  that  the  Mohammedans  have  appointed  in 
certain  places  a  prayer  to  be  used  in  visitations  of 
the  plague.  When  the  plague  appears  in  a  village, 
they  pray  that  it  will  go  on  to  the  next  village,  and  no 
doubt  they  have  a  thanksgiving  corresponding.  Well, 

10 


to  keep  on  remembering  the  points  over  which  we 
have  quarreled,  and  the  bitterness  which  these  quar- 
rels elicited,  is  a  Mohammedan  way  of  thinking 
about  things.  Not  the  enmities,  not  the  causes  of 
enmity,  not  the  defeats  of  three  hundred  years,  are 
worth  remembering  today;  but  the  principles  which 
these  wars  established,  the  things  which  came  out 
of  the  furnace  of  war's  affliction,  and  have  been 
made  strong  and  permanent  for  good.  These  are  the 
things  that  make  a  nation's  history,  and  these  we 
would  remember  now.  Thus  the  spirit  of  the  an- 
cient days  still  lasts  in  great  facts  and  ideals  that 
persist  and  grow. 

But  this  present  year,  latest  of  your  Thanksgivings, 
is  surely  one  that  strikes  a  new  note.  Britain  ren- 
ders thanksgiving  to  America  today.  When  men 
say  that  we  British  people  are  not  thankful,  do 
not  believe  them,  brothers  and  sisters.  When  they 
say  that  we  do  not  understand,  pay  no  heed. 
The  clearest  brains,  the  soundest  hearts  in  Great 
Britain  today  know  very  well  what  we  owe  to 
America.  We  owe  to  you,  your  understanding  of 
the  great  cause,  and  of  the  thing  we  did  when  we 
staked  our  all  upon  it  at  the  first;  the  widespread 
eagerness  to  come  into  the  war  before  it  was  possible 
for  you  to  do  so;  the  help  you  rendered  to  many 
thousands  of  sufferers,  and  your  vast  supplies  of 
food  and  money  and  munitions  of  war ;  the  splendid 
spirit  of  your  whole-hearted  coming  in;  the  trans- 
formation of  your  people  into  an  army  and  of  your 
land  into  a  training  ground  for  war;  the  fact  that 

11 


when  you  came  to  us — and  I  was  there  when  your 
troops  first  came — you  reUt  our  lamps.  We  were 
weary,  exhausted  with  years  of  fighting  in  the  mud. 
We  fought  on  still  in  constancy,  but  we  had  forgot- 
ten something  of  the  light  of  the  old  days  that  drew 
our  boys  across  the  sea.  While  they  had  retained  all 
their  dogged  determination  to  see  this  thing  through 
to  the  end,  the  interval  had  been  too  dreary,  too 
awful,  for  all  those  brilliant  ideals,  for  which  they 
went  at  first  so  gaily,  to  retain  their  clearness  and 
their  vividness.  You  came,  and  immediately  mil- 
lions of  lamps  were  lit  along  the  darkness  of  the  line. 
You  came,  and  when  our  backs  were  at  the  wall,  we 
thanked  God  that  you  were  behind  us,  as  we  faced 
the  deadliest  our  enemy  could  do. 

For  your  distinguished  service  by  sea  in  defense 
and  guardianship,  by  land  in  battle;  for  your  heavy 
sacrifices  heroically  given  and  your  sixty  thousand 
dead ;  for  the  women  of  America  and  for  the  thing 
they  did  when  they  gave  to  us  and  to  the  world  their 
sons,  their  lovers,  and  their  husbands,  we  thank  you. 
We,  too,  celebrate  Thanksgiving  Day  this  day,  and 
we  thank  our  God  upon  every  remembrance  of  you 
for  your  stand  for  liberty  in  the  ancient  days,  for 
your  accomplished  unity,  and  for  what  you  have 
been,  and  are,  and  always  will  be  to  us  and  with  us. 

The  last  thing  I  have  to  say  this  morning  is  just 
this,  that  great  thanksgiving  involves  great  responsi- 
bility. Mere  thanks  without  taking  up  the  burden 
that  it  imposes  is  not  a  thing  worthy  of  a  noble  spirit, 
nor  a  Christian  heart.    We  must  translate  our  senti- 

12 


ment  and  we  must  translate  our  language  into  deeds, 
if  we  would  worthily  celebrate  this  day.  We  must 
live  today  and  tomorrow  in  the  light  of  yesterday. 

Oh,  brothers  and  sisters,  did  you  ever  think  what 
an  awful  thing  it  is  to  render  thanks  for  sacrifice  in 
which  you  did  not  share,  to  render  thanks  for  the 
death  of  others  while  we  live?  If  it  evaporates  in 
words, — if  we  let  them  die  and  lie  in  their  graves 
throughout  all  the  continents  of  the  Old  World, 
and  then  say  "Thanks"  and  go  on  our  way  un- 
moved,— how  shall  their  spirits,  in  the  silent  places 
to  which  God  has  drawn  them,  regard  so  poor  and 
miserable  a  return?  Nay,  how  shall  Christ  regard 
it,  who  gave  Himself  not  for  thanks,  but  for  re- 
demption? If  it  evaporates  in  words  it  will  harden 
the  heart  and  degrade  the  conscience  of  a  nation. 
Let  us  pass  it  into  deeds  forthwith. 

Four  things  especially  I  would  simply  indicate  in 
this  connection.  First  is  the  condition  of  Europe. 
Friends  and  enemies  alike,  through  vast  territories 
of  Europe,  are  hungry  today  while  you  and  I  are 
fed.  While  you  are  eating  your  Thanksgiving  feast 
they  are  perishing  by  hundreds  of  thousands  for  lack 
of  that  which  would  satisfy  the  cravings  of  their 
hunger.  Let  us  remember  as  we  eat  and  drink  to- 
day, that,  while  our  table  is  so  abundantly  spread, 
there  are  millions  of  the  victims  of  war  who  are 
hungry  across  the  sea. 

In  the  second  place  vast  sums  of  money  have  been 
made  out  of  this  war.  Now,  all  of  this  is  not 
profiteering.  There  are  some  quite  legitimate  ways 
in  which  it  was  inevitable  that  there  should  be  an 

13 


increase  of  wealth,  and  the  money  made  in  these 
businesses  cannot  be  condemned  by  any  such  con- 
demnation. Yet  may  I  venture  to  say  this,  that  any 
man  who  has  prospered  through  the  providential  fact 
that  his  business  lay  in  the  line  of  the  war's  necessity 
— any  man  who  has  made  large  quantities  of  money 
during  this  terrible  time  through  which  the  world  has 
passed — must  surely  feel  upon  him  on  Thanks- 
giving Day  a  very  special  obligation  for  a  very  special 
generosity.  If  he  contrasts  his  own  good  fortune  with 
the  sacrifice  of  those  by  whose  wounds  and  death 
he  is  alive  and  prosperous,  he  will  not  withhold  his 
hand.  There  are  others  who  have  profiteered  and 
are  profiteering.  They  are  deliberately  holding  up 
prices  and  robbing  their  fellow-countrymen.  They 
are  making  the  situation  difficult  for  every  one,  and 
especially  for  the  poorest.  Such  have  no  part  in  the 
national  thanksgiving.  It  is  not  for  them.  You  can- 
not thank  God  for  that  which  you  have  stolen  from 
your  nation.  You  can  only  restore  it,  and  then  go 
humbly  to  Him  and  ask  for  His  forgiveness. 

Third,  the  War  has  created  an  unheard  of  social, 
industrial  and  economic  unrest.  I  am  not  discussing 
that  problem  today  at  all ;  only  I  would  just  say  this, 
that  any  honest  thanksgiving  on  the  part  of  a  nation 
where  that  unrest  is,  must  involve  the  determination 
to  face  these  matters  honestly  and  justly,  to  see  what 
we  can  do  in  the  first  place  to  understand  them,  and 
in  the  second  place  to  solve  their  problems. 

Fourth,  and  finally,  there  is  the  international  situa- 
tion that  faces  us  all  on  our  Thanksgiving.  I  am 
not  going  to  talk  any  party  politics,  but  I  want  to 

14 


appeal  to  men  of  every  party  when  I  say  this,  that 
surely  some  great  international  adjustment  is  neces- 
sary and  is  demanded  by  conscience  today.  We 
cannot  go  on  preparing  for  future  wars  to  the  end  of 
time.  We  must  put  all  decent  public  opinion  into  the 
scale  of  some  arrangement  for  the  end  of  war  and 
the  establishing  of  love  and  good  fellowship.  First 
of  all  there  are  the  Anglo-American  relations  be- 
tween our  two  nations  that  will  certainly  be  the 
heart  of  any  effective  League  of  Nations,  or  of  any 
other  arrangement  whereby  war  shall  cease.  I  can- 
not conceive,  my  brethren,  what  any  man  means  by 
Thanksgiving  who  does  not  try  to  foster  that.  And 
beyond  that  Anglo-American  understanding  there  is 
the  wider  unity.  After  all  is  said,  though  you  and 
we  were  forever  at  one  it  would  eventually  be  but  a 
challenge  to  the  rest  of  the  world  to  array  itself 
against  us,  if  this  understanding  were  not  universal. 
There  will  be  the  danger  of  the  revenge  of  peoples 
now  shattered.  There  is  the  danger  of  the  increas- 
ing spread  of  Bolshevism.  There  are  the  yellow 
races  lying  beyond,  waiting  for  their  time.  That 
time  no  man  can  forecast,  nor  can  any  of  us  even 
imagine  what  it  will  bring  when  future  days  dawn. 
All  these  things  are  to  be  remembered  on  Thanks- 
giving Day,  and  any  just  thanksgiving  must  involve 
thought  for  the  far  future  and  the  long  result. 


15 


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